Giardia is a threat to dogs and humans

BY JULIE IRWIN, VMD, SEATTLE VETERINARY ASSOCIATES

Giardia is a protozoan parasite that is infectious to both humans and pets all over the world. It infects nearly 2% of adults and 6% to 8% of children in developed countries worldwide. Nearly 33% of people in developing countries have had giardiasis. According to the CDC, Giardia infection is the most common intestinal parasitic disease affecting people in the United States.

We are certainly seeing a rise in the numbers of our veterinary patients being diagnosed with Giardiasis. However, it is unclear whether the rise in the number of cases is due to a true increase inthe incidence of the disease or whether it is due to better methods of detection.

Method of transmission 
Giardia cysts are shed in the feces from infected people or animals and can persist in the environment for extended periods of time. When animals or humans ingest these cysts, the parasite attaches to the lining of the intestine in the new host.

An infected person might shed 1-10 billion cysts daily in their feces and this might last for several months. However, swallowing as few as 10 cysts might cause someone to become ill. Giardia may be passed from person-to-person and from animal-to-animal. There is also some concern that certain subspecies can be passed from animal-to-person.

Contaminated water is the classical source of a Giardia infection. This is one of the reasons that backpackers and campers are advised to boil or treat water obtained from fresh rivers or lakes prior to drinking.

Symptoms 
Infection with Giardia causes problems with normal intestinal absorption of vitamins and other nutrients. This leads to a profuse, watery foul-smelling diarrhea. Animals and humans can also be carriers of the organism without showing any symptoms.

Diagnosis
In the past, diagnosis in our veterinary patients was difficult. The stool sample being examined needed to be fresh, plus Giardia rarely show up on the usual fecal flotation testing methods used to detect other parasites. Additionally, Giardia cysts can be shed intermittently, so infections can be missed on a single fecal float.

Recently a commercial ELISA test has become available, which tests for the presence of Giardia proteins in the feces. This method has dramatically improved the ability to detect Giardiainfections and the test can be completed in the office.

Treatment 
A broad spectrum dewormer called fenbendazole (Panacur®) seems to be the most reliable treatment at this time. Metronidazole (Flagyl®) in relatively high doses has been a classical treatment for Giardia but studies show that it is not always effective as a sole agent. In some cases, the medications are used together.

Environmental Decontamination
Treatment with medication should also be combined with environmental decontamination.Because infected pets may have been shedding cysts into the environment for some period of time before detection, it is important to thoroughly clean the environment to prevent re-infection. Guidelines from the CDC for cleaning of the environmental are listed below. In addition, because cysts can stick to the fur of the infected patient and be a source for re-infection, the positive animal should be bathed at least once in the course of treatment.

Carpets: Steam clean the area at 158° F for 5 minutes or 212 F for 1 minute. Read the product labels for specifications, and follow all instructions.

Other items: Dishwasher-safe toys and water and food bowls can be disinfected in a dishwasher that has a dry cycle or a final rinse that exceeds one of the following: 113° F for 20 minutes, 122° Ffor 5 minutes or 162° F for 1 minute. If a dishwasher is not available, submerge dishwasher-safe items in boiling water for at least 1 minute. Toys and bedding can be washed in the washing machine and then heat-dried on the highest heat setting for 30 minutes. If a clothes dryer is not available, allow items to thoroughly air dry under direct sunlight.

The Yard: 

• Wear gloves when handling feces.
• Remove feces promptly and put it in a plastic bag.
• Limit access to common outdoor spaces, where possible, if pets have diarrhea or are being treated for Giardia. It has been demonstrated that dogs that play at dog parks are at greater risk for infection.
• Eliminate any source of standing water.
• Do not allow any new animals, especially young ones, to enter the yard or other outdoor spaces until the patient has been shown to be free of Giardia.

Giardia is hard to completely eliminate from the environment, but there are things you can do to help decrease the risk of pet reinfection and of human infection. Please remember that despite your best efforts to clean the environment, Giardia can persist in outdoor spaces and pet reinfection is possible. 

Follow up
In most cases, we do recommend follow up after treatment for Giardia to ensure that the organism has been completely cleared. In general, a fecal flotation is checked two weeks post-treatment to ensure that the animal is no longer shedding cysts. The ELISA test can be repeated 6-8 weeks post-treatment to ensure that the organism is no longer present.

Julie Irwin, VMD

Julie Irwin, VMD was born and raised in Cleveland, Ohio. She attended Cornell University, where she received her Bachelor of Arts degree with a dual major in Mathematics and Biology. She then attended the University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, graduating in 1998. Julie and Steve met in veterinary school and were married shortly after graduation. Julie's other interests include rowing, cross-country skiing and hiking. She and Steve, along with their three children, have recently relocated to Seattle and are enjoying exploring the Pacific Northwest.

Source: http://www.seattledogspot.com/blog/dog-blog/post/giardia-is-a-threat-to-dogs-and-humans

Green Cleaning for Humans Can Still Sicken Pets

LOS ANGELES (AP) — As the time nears for spring cleaning and companies offer more environmentally friendly alternatives to toxic cleaners, veterinarians say pet owners should keep in mind that what's green to a human can be dangerous — even deadly — to animals.

"People expose their animals without even realizing the risk," said Dr. Karl Jandrey, who works in the emergency and critical care units at the Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital at the University of California, Davis. "That's the most common thing that happens when you come to our emergency room — the clients put their pets at risk because they were unaware of how significant the damage could be."

Most household cleaners are safe if used as directed on labels, but pet owners who make their own cleansers using natural ingredients don't have the warnings or instructions that come with commercial products.

Cats, for example, can get stomachaches from essential oils added for orange, lemon or peppermint scents in cleaners, said Dr. Camille DeClementi, a senior toxicologist at the Animal Poison Control Center run by the American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals in Urbana, Ill.

Most commercial green products are safe for animals, DeClementisaid, but owners should still exercise the same precautions as with chemical alternatives, such as keeping pets away from an area being cleaned, not using sprays directly on a pet and making sure that dogs don't chew on the products.

If a product says "Keep out of reach of children," keep it away from pets too, DeClementi said.

Caroline Golon, an Ohio mother of two children under 5 and owner of two Persian cats, said she became concerned about cleaning products before her children were born, when she noticed how often the cats jumped between floors and counters. The Columbus resident uses only unscentedgreen products or vinegar and water to clean, a water-only steam mop on floors and washes the cats' dishes and litter boxes with hot water and green dish soap.

"There are varying degrees of green, and there are a lot of mainstream brands now that have a green version. You have to do a little research to see what you like best," said Golon, a pet blogger.

The "green" label on products can be misleading because it still can be dangerous, Jandrey added. "Some still have their own toxicities. In general, they probably are a little less toxic, but not free of toxic potential. They just have a need for a larger dose to cause the same kind of symptoms," he said.

He cited antifreeze as an example. The pet-friendly version of antifreeze, propylene glycol, is "still an antifreeze product. It's still intoxicating to patients, our dogs and cats. It's just not as intoxicating as ethylene glycol."

It takes more of the propylene glycol to be as deadly as the ethylene glycol, "but it is still intoxicating though it might say pet-friendly in the ads or on the bottle," Jandrey said.

Labels can't always account for every reaction, Jandrey said. "Each intoxicating product has different concentrations and each dog or cat, each species, has a different sensitivity to that product. So what might be intoxicating to a dog is really, really intoxicating to a cat because cats might be more sensitive," he said.

Nancy Guberti, a New York City nutritionist and healthy lifestyle coach for the past 15 years, said some products will say green when they are not.

"Natural means nothing. The consumer has to be educated. It's all about awareness," she said.

Extra care also should be taken when cleaning around a pet's area, such as its toys or bedding, the experts say. Don't use fabric softener sheets that contain cationic detergents because they will give your pet — especially cats — stomach distress, DeClementi said, referring to a type of chemical soap that kills bacteria.

Such detergents and soaps, normally associated with helping to get clothes clean and fresh-smelling, can have chemicals that can sicken humans and pets alike.

Guberti switched to green cleaners out of necessity when her youngest son developed a liver disorder and many allergies. Guberti said the whole family became green — even their family's 6-year-old Shih Tzu, Flower, because her son can't hold Flower "if she is full of toxic chemicals or perfumes."

She recalled how she took the dog to a groomer for the first time, and Flower came out covered in perfume. Guberti washed her again at home, and now she brings her own bottles to the groomer.

"I have a bottle of shampoo and a bottle of conditioner with her name on it. I always remind them: 'No perfumes whatsoever,'" Guberti said.

Golon, who uses a maid service once a month, said she had the same problem when they brought their own products when they first started cleaning the house.

"I hadn't thought about it but the smell was so overpowering, it really bothered me. I can just imagine what it was doing to the cats with their sensitivity to scents," she said.

Source: http://news.yahoo.com/green-cleaning-humans-still-sicken-pets-103315875.html

Is Fostering a Pet Right for You?

Do you have it in you to foster a pet? Loving animals is a no-brainer, but fostering a pet can be a whole different ballgame.

Fostering is a Big Time Commitment

For starters, fostering a pet involves a very large time commitment; you really need to think about it and weigh your options before becoming involved.

“We ask foster parents to commit until the pet is adopted, which can be anywhere from a week to two months,” says Clare Joscelyne, Interim Foster Coordinator for San Antonio Animal Care Services. Foster parents should also make sure they have the time to socialize the pet and have basic training skills. “A lot of times, housebreaking makes the dog more adoptable.”

Joscelyne adds that that time commitment includes taking foster pets to adoption events while in their care. Most foster parents take on a maximum of two animals at a time, except when they agree to foster litters of puppies or kittens.

“It is important in the foster program to ensure that foster [parents] don’t take on too much at one time and are able to dedicate sufficient amount of time and attention to each foster animal in their care, so we find that the majority of foster parents care for one dog/cat at a time,” says Joscelyne.

Foster Requirements

Deciding whether fostering is right for you requires you to think about the requirements before the process begins. Requirements can vary from shelter to shelter (or rescue group). The ASPCA, for instance, requires that foster applicants be 21 years old and that windows be screened.  Additionally, every member of the family needs to be on board with the decision.

While the ASPCA prefers people who have had some dog experience, all potential foster parents are trained first at the ASPCA adoption center in New York City. Joscelyne also conducts monthly foster orientations at San Antonio Animal Care Services for those interested in learning more about the program.  

What Makes a Good Foster Pet Parent?

“A good foster parent is someone who loves animals and who is willing to open their home to pets temporarily until it’s time for the pet to be adopted,” says Julie Sonenberg, administrative manager of volunteer programs at the ASPCA in New York City. 

A good foster parent should also have some basic experience with animals. Erin Brodbine of San Francisco, who fosters dogs for Muttville Senior Dog Rescue, insists that foster parents need not necessarily have their own dog or cat, but suggests that potential foster parents know the basic tenets of guardianship, such as avoiding potentially dangerous situations.

Another attribute for a good foster parent is being able to say goodbye.

“I think about adopting each and every dog that I foster and then they find a home,” says Karen Stevens, a publicist based in Los Angeles.

Stevens started fostering in late 2011 for Furry Angel Foundation in Rancho Mirage, taking in fluffy little Malteses and Bichon Frises, dogs she was used to. Typically, Stevens has a dog for about three weeks. “I don’t want them longer than three weeks because I’ll start falling in love with them and they get attached to you.” Stevens always tries to give herself a week or two of down time between fosters.

Some foster parents, though, inevitably fall in love with the animal in their care and want to keep it. 

“We actually have quite a few foster [parents] that become attached to their [pets] and end up providing a forever home for their animal,” says Joscelyne. “The foster parents just have to go through the adoption process with the shelter.”

Fostering Can Be a Worthwhile Experience

If you’ve ever considered taking in a pet until he or she finds a forever home, it’s worth trying, says Sonenberg.

Brodbine of San Francisco started fostering because the shelters were so full that dogs were on borrowed time before being euthanized and she wanted to save their lives.

“The best experience is taking in a dog and seeing how precious and absolutely loving they are,” she says.

In its own right, fostering is beautiful because you have the ability to continuously help the animal or animals you work with.

“The foster parent has the advantage of passing on information she’s learned about the dog to the dog’s eventual owner,” says Brodbine. “I’m often asked ‘how do you let them go?’ If you find a forever home for one, there’s always another dog that needs to be rescued.”

http://www.petside.com/article/fostering-pet-right-you?WT.z_mod=HPDL

Are You Allergic To Your Pets?

Breathe easy—you can still keep your animal companion!

Although more and more people are discovering the beneficial effects of owning a furry bundle of joy, the fact remains that roughly 15 to 20 percent of the population is allergic to animals. The result? Countless owners in unhappy, unhealthy situations—and their beloved pets are the cause! Allergen is the medical term for the actual substance that causes an allergic reaction. Touching or inhaling allergens leads to reactions in allergic individuals. Symptoms can include red, itchy, watery eyes and nose; sneezing; coughing; scratchy or sore throat; itchy skin, and most serious of all, difficulty breathing.

The most common pet allergens are proteins found in their dander (scales of old skin that are constantly shed by an animal), saliva, urine and sebaceous cells. Any animal can trigger an allergic response, but cats are the most common culprits. People can also become allergic to the urine, dander and saliva of exotic pets such as ferrets, guinea pigs, birds, rabbits and rodents. There is no species or breed to which humans cannot develop allergies. Fur length and type will not affect or prevent allergies. Certain pets can be less irritating than others to those who suffer from allergies, but that is strictly on an individual basis and cannot be predicted.

Once the diagnosis of a pet allergy is made, a physician will often recommend eliminating the companion animal from the surroundings. Heartbreaking? Yes. Absolutely necessary? Not always. Keep in mind that most people are allergic to several things besides pets, such as dust mites, molds and pollens, all of which can be found in the home. Allergic symptoms result from the total cumulative allergen load. That means that if you eliminate some of the other allergens, you may not have to get rid of your pet. (Conversely, should you decide to remove your pet from your home, this may not immediately solve your problems.) You must also be prepared to invest the time and effort needed to decontaminate your home environment, limit future exposure to allergens and find a physician who will work with you. Our three-part program follows:

Improving the Immediate Environment

1. Create an allergen-free room. A bedroom is often the best and most practical choice. By preventing your pet from entering this room, you can ensure at least eight hours of freedom from allergens every night. It's a good idea to use hypoallergenic bedding and pillow materials.
2. Limit fabrics. Allergens collect in rugs, drapes and upholstery, so do your best to limit or eliminate them from your home. If you choose to keep some fabrics, steam-clean them regularly. Cotton-covered furniture is the smartest choice, and washable blinds or shades make good window treatments.
3. Vacuum frequently using a vacuum equipped with a HEPA (high-efficiency particulate arresting) filter or a disposable electrostatic bag. Other kinds of bags will permit allergens to blow back out of the vacuum.
4. Install an air purifier fitted with a HEPA filter. Our modern, energy-efficient homes lock in air that is loaded with allergens, so it’s smart to let in some fresh air daily.
5. Use anti-allergen room sprays. These sprays deactivate allergens, rendering them harmless. Ask your allergist for a product recommendation.
6. Clean the litter box frequently. Use lowdust, perfume-free filler. Clumping litter is a good choice.
7. Dust regularly. Wiping down the walls will also cut down on allergens.
8. Invest in washable pet bedding and cages that can be cleaned often and easily.

Decontaminating Your Pet

1. Bathe your pet at least once a week. Your veterinarian can recommend a shampoo that won't dry out his skin. Bathing works to wash off the allergens that accumulate in an animal’s fur.
2. Wipe your pet with a product formulated to prevent dander from building up and flaking off into the environment. Ask your veterinarian to suggest one that is safe to use on animals who groom themselves.
3. Note any symptoms of dermatitis exhibited by your companion animal. Dermatitis often leads to accelerated skin and fur shedding, which will up your allergen exposure.
4. Brush or comb your pet frequently. It’s best to do this outdoors, if possible. (The ASPCA does not recommend keeping cats outdoors, so make sure your feline is leashed if you take him outside.)

Taking Care of Yourself

1. If possible, have someone other than yourself do the housecleaning, litter box work and pet washing, wiping and brushing. If you must clean the house or change the litter, be sure to wear a dust mask.
2. Wash your hands after handling your companion animal and before touching your face. The areas around your nose and eyes are particularly sensitive to allergens.
3. Designate a “pet outfit” from among your most easily washed clothes. Wear it when playing or cuddling with your companion, and you’ll leave other clothing uncontaminated.
4. Find a physician, preferably an allergy specialist, who will make sure that your pet is the cause of your allergies and will help alleviate your symptoms. Medications and immunotherapy (desensitizing shots) can often allow you and your companion animal to remain together happily ever after. 

http://www.aspca.org/pet-care/pet-care-tips/allergic.aspx

September is National Disaster Preparedness Month!

September is National Disaster Preparedness Month! We recommend that every family create an evacuation plan in case of a disaster. It’s also important to include your pet in your evacuation plan! Remember to pack food and medication so that in the event of a separation, you could be reunited. View the video below of some team members from Queen Anne Animal Clinic speaking about the importance of making a disaster preparedness kit for your pet.

Exposure to Pets Can Make Young Children Healthier

A new study published online from the journal Pediatrics found that children who had pets as part of their environment during their first year of their lives were on average healthier than children who did not have exposure to pets. The study specifically looked at the impact that the presence of cats and dogs had on the children, and found that when a pet was present during the child's first year, the child on average suffered fewer ear infections and colds, among other health benefits.

How was the study conducted?

According to the article in Pediatrics, the study was conducted in Finland. It involved some 397 children, who were followed from pregnancy up until they passed their first year. All the children were born in the three-year period between 2002 and 2005. Households were asked to keep weekly diaries regarding the presence of dogs and cats, and then at the end of the child's first year, filled out an additional questionnaire.

What did the study find, specifically?

A link was found between the number of ear infections, colds, and other respiratory ailments and the amount of time that a child spent exposed to animals. In addition, the number of times a child required a course of antibiotics for their ailments was also studied against exposure to animals.

In general, researchers found that exposure to a pet decreased the chances that a child would develop respiratory ailments or other ailments needing antibiotic treatment. This correlation was far stronger in dogs, where exposure appeared to coincide with as much as a 31 percent reduction in respiratory issues, including infections, as well as a 44 percent reduction in the number of ear infections and a 29 percent smaller risk that a child would need antibiotic treatment, as reported by MyHealthNewsDaily. In cats, that link between exposure and health was still present, but the benefits appeared to be somewhat reduced in comparison to exposure to dogs.

Why do the health benefits appear to be greater with exposure to dogs?

Researchers speculated that the nature of the animal may have something to do with it. Dogs are more likely to be outside, which also means that they can pick up more dirt. Dr. Eija Bergoth, one of the study's authors, told WebMD that it is likely that the greater exposure to dirt and other outside elements facilitated by dog ownership is probably the reason that dogs bring more measurable health benefits to a child's respiratory system than cats, as cats are more likely to stay indoors. Bergoth also said that differences in dander could be a culprit, but more study is needed to determine the cause of the disparity.

What are the challenges to the study?

The study did not separate the children into different categories per their living environment. Researchers did not differentiate between children who lived in a rural versus an urban environment. Critics told CNN that oversight could have had an affect on the results, as the microbes and other agents that exist in the city differ from those in a rural environment.

http://news.yahoo.com/study-exposure-pets-young-children-healthier-172800246.html 

Today is Take Your Cat to the Vet Day

How long has it been since your cat visited us at Seattle Veterinary Associates? Today is National “Take Your Cat to the Vet” Day! If your cat is due for a visit, it’s time to get them checked. Remember, there’s supposed to be 6-12 months between each visit, depending on your pet’s age! Regular visits can help your cat live longer, because we can identify and treat problems sooner.

First CPR Guidelines For Cats And Dogs Released

If your dog has a heart attack and collapses, what should you do?

For years, different veterinarians may have offered different pieces of advice -- but now veterinary medicine researchers from the University of Pennsylvania and Cornell University have produced the first set of evidence-based guidelines for resuscitating dogs and cats with stopped hearts.

University of Pennsylvania researcher Manuel Boller and his colleagues looked at decades of peer-reviewed data and determined that the proper rate for chest compressions on dogs and cats is between 100 and 120 per minute. That's the same rhythm recommended for humans. It also happens to align to the 103-bpm Bee Gees classic disco hit "Stayin' Alive," which studies have shown aids medical students in performing chest compressions.

The guidelines, while primarily for veterinarians, are "very translatable to pet owners and bystanders," Boller said in a phone interview.

Of course, performing chest compressions on a Pekingese is very different from doing so on a full-grown person, or even on a Great Dane.

For most dogs, you can apply chest compressions to the widest part of the chest while the animal lies on its side. Credit: Journal of Veterinary Emergency and Critical Care.

For most dogs, chest compressions can be performed on the widest part of the chest while the animal's lying on its side. But in some breeds like greyhounds with more keel-shaped chests, the guidelines recommend pushing down closer to the dog's armpit, directly over the heart. Barrel-chested dogs like English bulldogs can be laid on their back and compressed on the sternum, like people.

Smaller cats and dogs can either be chest-compressed with one hand wrapped around the sternum, encircling the heart or two-handed on the ribs.

For cats and small dogs, you can use one hand wrapped around the sternum to try and restart the heart. Credit: Journal of Veterinary Emergency and Critical Care.

One fundamental difference between human patients and animal patients is that dogs and cats have much lower rates of coronary heart disease, the most common cause for cardiac arrest in people.

"Sudden cardiac arrest in dogs is therefore not as common as in people and may be more comparable to what occurs in young athletes with structural abnormalities of the heart muscle or a defect in the electrical circuitry," Boller said in an email.

Pets can also suffer a cardiac arrest due to difficulties with breathing or a severe illness that also affects the heart.

Boller says it's gratifying to have these standards, especially since the original experiments on animals used in their review were instrumental in developing CPR guidelines for people.

"Now we can translate that benefit back to their own kind," he says.

SOURCE: Journal of Veterinary Emergency and Critical Care 22. Reassessment Campaign on Veterinary Resuscitation: Evidence and Knowledge Gap Analysis on Veterinary CPR.

Pets & Insects

It's time to go outdoors with your pet and check out all flowers and plants. Make sure to keep an eye on your pet in case a bee decides he doesn't want your pet to get up close and personal. There are all sorts of flying critters out in the garden, so make sure your pet is protected from allergic reactions to insect bites or stings. Protect your pet so you both can enjoy the summer season together!

Social PETworking Month

June is Social PETworking Month! This is a month designated to help pair families with homeless pets. The campaign allows Facebook, MySpace and Twitter addicts to put their hours online to good use by advertising adoptable pets to their networks to help get them seen and into loving homes. So if you know of any pets in need of good homes, take to Facebook, MySpace, Twitter, and get the word out this June!

Ask the Vet - Does my dog have ringworm?

Question: My dog has sores that are black in the middle and a red ring around them. Is it ring worm or something could it be something else?

Answer: Ringworm is a fungal infection that can affect the skin, hair, or nails of dogs and cats as well as people. Ringworm is actually rarely diagnosed in dogs. This is primarily because its true incidence (in dogs) is very low. Typically the fungal spores need to penetrate a thick coat of fur to enter a crack in the skin surface or to populate hair follicles. Although ringworm is not commonly diagnosed in canines, it is more likely to be a problem in shelter populations as well as in puppies and other individuals with a lower functioning immune system. The classic appearance in humans is a circular, red lesion, but in dogs it usually looks like a circular patch of hair loss with some degree of redness, flaking or crusting. It is impossible to diagnose ringworm based on its appearance alone, however. The diagnosis is verified by a positive fungal culture or by visualizing the organism under the microscope.

In general, if your dog looks like it has ringworm, it probably doesn’t. It is far more likely that the lesions are something else – specifically a staphylococcal bacterial infection. Staph skin infections are extremely common among dogs and are typically secondary to another problem such as hypersensitivities (ie allergies) or hypothyroidism. Treatment typically involves either a topical antibacterial product or a systemic antibiotic and addressing the underlying medical issue.

Dr. Valissitie Heeren, Greenlake Animal Hospital

Valissitie Heeren, DVM
Primary location: Green Lake Animal Hospital
Dr. Heeren earned her degree from Iowa State University. She interned in small animal medicine and surgery at Denver Veterinary Specialists in Colorado and earned a B.A. in Medical Biology from Beloit College in Wisconsin.
She has a strong passion for surgery and emergency medicine, and volunteers her time spaying and neutering feral cats with the Feral Cat Project. She also provides veterinary care at the Doney Clinic.
She has one pet – a white feline named Dexter – and likes to spend time gardening or exploring the hiking trails in the Seattle area.





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http://www.seattledogspot.com/blog/2012/05/14/ask-the-vet-does-my-dog-have-ringworm